Criminal Justice

Criminal justice is distinct from the field of criminology, which involves the study of crime as a social phenomena, causes of crime, criminal behavior, and other aspects of crime. Criminal justice emerged as an academic discipline in the 1920s, beginning with Berkeley police chief August Vollmer who established a criminal justice program at the University of California, Berkeley in 1916. Vollmer’s work was carried on by his student, O.W. Wilson, who led efforts to professionalize policing and reduce corruption.

Battered Woman Syndrome

Teacher’s Summary

In “The Battered Woman Syndrome: An Ecological Perspective on Self-Defense,” Will Thompson, an 11th-grade honors student, applies ecological principles to understand the complex psychological and legal issues surrounding battered woman syndrome. Drawing parallels between ecosystem dynamics and the …

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Juvenile Justice Policy

Editor’s Summary: This article examines the evolution of juvenile justice policy in the United States, tracing its shift from rehabilitative approaches to punitive measures and the subsequent re-evaluation of these policies. Beginning with the establishment of the first juvenile court …

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Architect of Modern Policing

Teacher’s Summary

This essay examines Sir Robert Peel’s influence on modern policing, focusing on his shift from reactive to proactive policing, the introduction of military organization, and his nine ethical principles. Peel’s concept of shared responsibility between police and the …

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Sir Robert Peel Biography

Teacher’s Summary:

This essay examines the life of Sir Robert Peel and his significant contributions to law enforcement, focusing on his creation of the London Metropolitan Police in 1829. Peel’s principles of policing emphasized crime prevention, public cooperation, and minimal …

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Complexity of Police Culture

Professor’s Summary:

This essay delves into the multi-faceted nature of police culture, characterized by isolation, suspicion, and its deeply rooted institutional framework. It highlights how the rigorous selection and training process transforms officers, fostering a sense of unity while risking …

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